王中之王

王中之王（古希臘語：βασιλευς των βασιλευοντων；英語：King of Kings），也譯作諸王之王、萬王之王、眾王之王，源自古代近東地區的帝國統治者稱號，大致相當於皇帝。在基督教中，也以這個稱號來稱呼耶穌基督。埃塞俄比亞帝國的佐迪圖女皇帝，曾使用這個稱號的變體「眾王之女王」（Queen of Kings）。

歷史起源[編輯]

古印度[編輯]

在古印度, 梵語術語遮迦羅跋帝（Chakravartin）、眾羅闍之羅闍（Rājādhirāja）、眾羅闍之摩訶羅闍（Mahārādhirāja）作為眾王之王頭銜.^[1]^[2] 這些詞也出現在他氏森林書等梨俱吠陀篇章（前1700年至前1100年）。^[3]

笈多帝國君主頭銜為眾羅闍之摩訶羅闍。^[4]

十世紀瞿折羅-普臘蒂哈臘王朝君主成為雅利安·伐爾塔的眾羅闍之摩訶羅闍。^[5]

眾羅闍之摩訶羅闍作為帝銜被帕拉瓦王朝、波羅王朝、蔑戾車王朝（英語：Mlechchha dynasty）君主使用。^[6]

毗奢耶那伽羅帝國使用了眾羅闍之摩訶羅闍頭銜。^[7]

貴霜帝國統治者頭銜為眾羅闍之羅闍、摩訶羅闍。^[8]

古美索不達米亞[編輯]

亞述和巴比倫[編輯]

最早是亞述帝國的圖庫爾蒂-尼努爾塔一世使用 šar šarrāni 頭銜。šar 為城邦統治者。隨着亞述帝國的形成，亞述統治者將自己王權置於眾城邦之上，成為名副其實的「萬王之王」。^[9]在圖庫爾提-尼努爾塔統治之後，亞述和巴比倫的君主偶爾使用這個頭銜。^[10]後來使用šar šarrāni的亞述統治者包括阿薩爾哈東和亞述巴尼拔。^[11]^[12]šar šarrāni 是新巴比倫帝國末代君主那波尼德的眾多頭銜之一。^[13]

聲稱擁有萬事萬物所有權的頭銜在整個古美索不達米亞歷史上很常見。例如，亞述巴尼拔的曾祖父薩爾貢二世使用了大王、全能王、宇宙王、亞述王、巴比倫王、蘇美爾與阿卡德之王。^[14]

烏拉爾圖和米底[編輯]

萬王之王的頭銜出現在烏拉爾圖君主的銘文中。^[10]米底的統治者也可能使用這個頭銜，因為其統治者從烏拉爾圖和美索不達米亞其他地區借用了他們的大部分王權象徵和禮儀。這個頭銜的阿契美尼德波斯語變體 Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām，這表明阿契美尼德的頭銜可能來源於米底而非美索不達米亞。^[10]

圖什帕要塞附近防禦工事上的亞述語銘文提到烏拉爾圖君主薩爾杜里一世是城牆的建造者和持有萬王之王頭銜。^[15]

女性形式與用法[編輯]

眾王之王
- 阿那帕王朝女君主跋羅摩訶提毗（英語：Ballamahadevi）使用男性頭銜眾羅闍之摩訶羅闍。^[16]
- 跋摩伽羅王朝（英語：Bhauma-Kara dynasty）中的三位女性君主使用男性頭銜眾羅闍之摩訶羅闍，同時也使用女性頭銜至高女祜主（paramesvari)。^[17]^[18]^[19]
- 格魯吉亞塔瑪爾女王同時持有頭銜mepeta-mepe(眾王之王)與dedopalta-dedopali(眾女王之女王)。^[20]
眾王之女王
- 托勒密王國克婁巴特拉七世在受贈羅馬領土時宣布為眾王之女王。^[21]
- 塔瑪爾女王之女魯速丹的頭銜為眾女王與眾王之女王。^[22]
- 埃塞俄比亞帝國女君主佐迪圖 Nəgəstä Nägäst (眾王之女王). 男性形式為 Nəgusä Nägäst。
眾女王之女王
- 伊朗帝國的女性頭銜 bānbishnān bānbishn (眾女王之女王)對等於男性頭銜 shahanshah（眾沙之沙）。
- 格拉特修道院壁畫中格魯吉亞頭銜 dedopalta-dedopali (眾女王之女王) 被用於王后伊梅雷蒂。^[23]

宗教[編輯]

猶太教[編輯]

猶太教術語「眾馬利克之馬利克之馬利克」(Melech Malchei HaMelachim) 作為神的稱謂之一, 「眾王之王之王」使用雙重最高級頭銜凌駕於聖經中巴比倫與波斯的「眾王之王」。^[24]

基督教[編輯]

眾王之王 (βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων) 在新約中用於指耶穌基督，提摩太前書 (6:15)出現一次，啟示錄(17:14, 19:11–16)出現兩次。^[25] 一些基督教王國（格魯吉亞、亞美尼亞和埃塞俄比亞）使用了這個頭銜，它是拜占庭帝國巴列奧略王朝座右銘的一部分，「眾巴西琉斯之巴西琉斯，統治眾巴西琉斯」（希臘語：Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων，羅馬化：Basileus Basileōn，Basileuōn Basileuontōn）。^[26]巴西琉斯一詞在古代的意思是「王」，後來已經有了「皇帝」的意思。拜占庭統治者在使用拉丁語時將「巴西琉斯」翻譯成「英白拉多」，並稱其他國王為雷克斯（英語：Rex (title)）或希臘化的 rēgas（ρήξ， ρήγας）。^[27]^[28]因此，拜占庭帝國的眾巴西琉斯之巴西琉斯（Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων）的意思是「眾帝之帝」。拜占庭統治者只將巴西琉斯頭銜授予他們認為平等的兩個外國統治者，即阿克蘇姆國王和薩珊帝國眾沙之沙（shahanshah），導致「眾王之王」等價於西方的「皇帝」。^[29]

伊斯蘭教[編輯]

隨着651年薩珊帝國的滅亡，眾沙之沙頭銜在穆斯林世界受到嚴厲批評。波斯白益王朝採用眾沙之沙需要一群法學家就其合法性達成共識，^[30]而這個頭銜本身（作為萬王之王波斯語變體眾沙之沙）在遜尼派聖訓中受到譴責，例如布哈里聖訓集73聖訓224^[31]和225^[32]。

伊斯蘭世界對這個頭銜的譴責可能源於早期伊斯蘭教中「唯有神才是王」的觀念。反對世俗王權，使用「萬王之王」被認為是令人厭惡和褻瀆的。^[33]

現代使用[編輯]

伊朗[編輯]

巴列維家族的現任領袖禮薩·巴列維二世在1980年父親去世後，象徵性地宣布自己為 shahanshah (眾沙之沙)，時年21歲^[34]

利比亞[編輯]

2008年8月28日，利比亞領導人穆阿邁爾·卡扎菲被授予「眾王之王」的稱號，200多名非洲部落酋長與國王齊聚一堂，支持他使用這一稱號，並表示「我們決定認可我們的兄弟領袖為「非洲的眾王、眾蘇丹、眾親王、眾酋長和眾市長之王」。在班加西舉行的這次會議上，卡扎菲獲得了包括寶座、18世紀古蘭經、傳統服裝和鴕鳥蛋等禮物。同時，卡扎菲敦促眾人向各自政府施壓，加快統一非洲大陸的進程。卡扎菲告訴眾人，「我們需要一支非洲軍隊來保衛非洲，我們需要一種單一的非洲貨幣，我們需要一本能暢行非洲的護照」。^[35]^[36]這次會議後來被國際媒體稱為「奇怪儀式」。^[37]

另見[編輯]

亞洲之王

參考[編輯]

引用[編輯]

^ Pasricha 1998，第11頁. "In Sanskrit, 'Chakravarti' means the King of Kings."
^ Atikal & Parthasarathy (tr.) 2004，第342頁.
^ Mookerji 1914，第71頁.
^ Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. 2008: 485. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9 （英語）.
^ André Wink. Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. BRILL. 2002: 284. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.
^ Singh, U. B. Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947. APH Publishing. 1998: 66–72. ISBN 978-81-7024-928-3 （英語）.
^ Patil, Madhao P. Court Life Under the Vijayanagar Rulers. B.R. Publishing Corporation. 1999: 200. ISBN 978-81-7646-094-1 （英語）.
^ Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (編). The Age of the Parthians. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010-03-24: 15. ISBN 978-0-85771-018-5 （英語）.
^ Handy 1994，第112頁.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 King of kings in Media and Urartu.
^ Karlsson 2017，第7頁.
^ Karlsson 2017，第10頁.
^ Oshima 2017，第655頁.
^ Levin 2002，第362頁.
^ Tušpa (Van).
^ Eraly, Abraham. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India. 2011: 368. ISBN 978-0-670-08478-4 （英語）. the queen Ballamahadevi of the Alupa dynasty in southern Karnataka ruled for many years with the masculine title Maharajadhiraja.
^ Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 125 （英語）. Tribhubana-mahadevi III, like her predecessor Prthvimahadevi, assumed imperial titles of Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.
^ Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 126 （英語）. Dandimahadevi assumed imperial title of Parama-mahesvari, Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.
^ Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 126 （英語）. She issued the Angul charter and Taltali charter both of which are undated. The first was issued during the reign of her husband and there she is described simply as Sri Dharma-mahadevi without any royal title. In Taltali plate, she is described as Parama-bhattarika-Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.
^ Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. 2013-02-15: 109. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2 （英語）. Despite Tamar's resistance, the marriage was celebrated immediately: luri was declared king (mepe), but Tamar as mepeta-mepe, dedopalta-dedopali (king of kings, queen of queens) remained the ruling monarch.
^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 49
^ Rapp, Stephen H. Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past 2. University of Michigan. 1997: 577. ISBN 9780591308280 （英語）.
^ Jost Gippert (編). Gelati Academy of Sciences: The Fresco of the Royal Donators. The Armazi Project. [2023-09-28].
^ Gluck 2010，第78頁.
^ Jesus As King Of Kings.
^ Atlagić 1997，第2頁.
^ Kazhdan 1991，第264頁.
^ Morrisson 2013，第72頁.
^ Chrysos 1978，第42頁.
^ Amedroz 1905，第398頁.
^ Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 224.
^ Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 225.
^ Madelung 1969，第84頁.
^ Goodspeed 2010.
^ Gaddafi named 'king of kings'.
^ Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'.
^ Adebajo 2011.

來源[編輯]

Levin, Yigal. Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad. Vetus Testamentum. 2002, 52 (3): 350–366. doi:10.1163/156853302760197494.
Atlagić, Marko. The cross with symbols S as heraldic symbols (PDF). Baština. 1997, 8: 149–158. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於May 21, 2013）.
Amedroz, H. F. The Assumption of the Title Shahanshah by Buwayhid Rulers. The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 1905, 5: 393–399. JSTOR 42662137.
Chrysos, Evangelos K. The Title Βασιλευσ in Early Byzantine International Relations. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 1978, 32: 29–75. JSTOR 1291418. doi:10.2307/1291418.
Oshima, Takayoshi M. Nebuchadnezzar's Madness (Daniel 4:30): Reminiscence of a Historical Event or a Legend?. Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova L.; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʻal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (編). "Now it Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday. Eisenbrauns. 2017: 645–675. ISBN 978-1-57506-760-5 （英語）.
Atikal, Ilanko. The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet. 由Parthasarathy, R.翻譯. Penguin Books. 2004. ISBN 9780143031963.
Morrisson, Cécile. Displaying the Emperor's Authority and Kharaktèr on the Marketplace. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1409436089.
Madelung, Wilferd. The Assumption of the Title Shāhānshāh by the Būyids and "The Reign of the Daylam (Dawlat Al-Daylam)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 1969, 28 (2): 84–108. JSTOR 543315. S2CID 159540778. doi:10.1086/371995.
Gluck, P. K. The Sovereignty of Kings and the Rule of Scientists: A Paradigm Conflict (PDF). The University of Michigan. 2010.
Kazhdan, Alexander. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
Handy, Lowell K. Among the host of Heaven: the Syro-Palestinian pantheon as bureaucracy. Eisenbrauns. 1994. ISBN 978-0931464843.
Karlsson, Mattias. Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia. 2017. S2CID 6128352. 缺少或|url=為空 (幫助)
Pasricha, Ashu. Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (vol. 15: The Political Thought Of C. Rajagopalachari). Concept Publishing. 1998. ISBN 9788180694950.
Mookerji, Radha Kumud. The Fundamental Unity of India (from Hindu Sources). Longmans, Green and Company. 1914. OCLC 561934377.

King of kings in Media and Urartu. melammu-project.eu. [19 February 2019].
Tušpa (Van). livius.org. [20 February 2019].
Goodspeed, Peter. It is my duty. rezapahlavi.org. 2010 [21 February 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2 October 2013）.
Adebajo, Adekeye. Gaddafi: the man who would be king of Africa. theguardian.com. 2011 [20 February 2019].
Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'. news.bbc.co.uk. 29 August 2008 [20 February 2019].
Gaddafi named 'king of kings'. news24.com. [20 February 2019].
Sahih al-Bukhari 6205. amrayn.com. [20 February 2019].
Sahih al-Bukhari 6206. amrayn.com. [20 February 2019].
6 Bible Verses about Jesus As King Of Kings. bible.knowing-jesus.com. [20 February 2019].

[FOOTNOTEPasricha199811-1] Pasricha 1998，第11頁. "In Sanskrit, 'Chakravarti' means the King of Kings."

[FOOTNOTEAtikalParthasarathy_(tr.)2004342-2] Atikal & Parthasarathy (tr.) 2004，第342頁.

[FOOTNOTEMookerji191471-3] Mookerji 1914，第71頁.

[4] Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. 2008: 485. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9 （英語）.

[5] André Wink. Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. BRILL. 2002: 284. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.

[6] Singh, U. B. Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947. APH Publishing. 1998: 66–72. ISBN 978-81-7024-928-3 （英語）.

[7] Patil, Madhao P. Court Life Under the Vijayanagar Rulers. B.R. Publishing Corporation. 1999: 200. ISBN 978-81-7646-094-1 （英語）.

[8] Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (編). The Age of the Parthians. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010-03-24: 15. ISBN 978-0-85771-018-5 （英語）.

[FOOTNOTEHandy1994112-9] Handy 1994，第112頁.

[FOOTNOTEKing_of_kings_in_Media_and_Urartu-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 King of kings in Media and Urartu.

[FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-11] Karlsson 2017，第7頁.

[FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710-12] Karlsson 2017，第10頁.

[FOOTNOTEOshima2017655-13] Oshima 2017，第655頁.

[FOOTNOTELevin2002362-14] Levin 2002，第362頁.

[FOOTNOTETušpa_(Van)-15] Tušpa (Van).

[16] Eraly, Abraham. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India. 2011: 368. ISBN 978-0-670-08478-4 （英語）. the queen Ballamahadevi of the Alupa dynasty in southern Karnataka ruled for many years with the masculine title Maharajadhiraja.

[17] Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 125 （英語）. Tribhubana-mahadevi III, like her predecessor Prthvimahadevi, assumed imperial titles of Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.

[18] Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 126 （英語）. Dandimahadevi assumed imperial title of Parama-mahesvari, Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.

[19] Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 126 （英語）. She issued the Angul charter and Taltali charter both of which are undated. The first was issued during the reign of her husband and there she is described simply as Sri Dharma-mahadevi without any royal title. In Taltali plate, she is described as Parama-bhattarika-Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.

[20] Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. 2013-02-15: 109. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2 （英語）. Despite Tamar's resistance, the marriage was celebrated immediately: luri was declared king (mepe), but Tamar as mepeta-mepe, dedopalta-dedopali (king of kings, queen of queens) remained the ruling monarch.

[dio-21] Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 49

[22] Rapp, Stephen H. Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past 2. University of Michigan. 1997: 577. ISBN 9780591308280 （英語）.

[23] Jost Gippert (編). Gelati Academy of Sciences: The Fresco of the Royal Donators. The Armazi Project. [2023-09-28].

[FOOTNOTEGluck201078-24] Gluck 2010，第78頁.

[FOOTNOTEJesus_As_King_Of_Kings-25] Jesus As King Of Kings.

[FOOTNOTEAtlagić19972-26] Atlagić 1997，第2頁.

[FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991264-27] Kazhdan 1991，第264頁.

[FOOTNOTEMorrisson201372-28] Morrisson 2013，第72頁.

[FOOTNOTEChrysos197842-29] Chrysos 1978，第42頁.

[FOOTNOTEAmedroz1905398-30] Amedroz 1905，第398頁.

[FOOTNOTESahih_al-Bukhari_Book_73_Hadith_224-31] Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 224.

[FOOTNOTESahih_al-Bukhari_Book_73_Hadith_225-32] Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 225.

[FOOTNOTEMadelung196984-33] Madelung 1969，第84頁.

[FOOTNOTEGoodspeed2010-34] Goodspeed 2010.

[FOOTNOTEGaddafi_named_'king_of_kings'-35] Gaddafi named 'king of kings'.

[FOOTNOTEGaddafi:_Africa's_'king_of_kings'-36] Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'.

[FOOTNOTEAdebajo2011-37] Adebajo 2011.

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