王中之王

王中之王（古希腊语：βασιλευς των βασιλευοντων；英语：King of Kings），也译作诸王之王、万王之王、众王之王，源自古代近东地区的帝国统治者称号，大致相当于皇帝。在基督教中，也以这个称号来称呼耶稣基督。埃塞俄比亚帝国的佐迪图女皇帝，曾使用这个称号的变体“众王之女王”（Queen of Kings）。

历史起源[编辑]

古印度[编辑]

在古印度, 梵语术语遮迦罗跋帝（Chakravartin）、众罗阇之罗阇（Rājādhirāja）、众罗阇之摩诃罗阇（Mahārādhirāja）作为众王之王头衔.^[1]^[2] 这些词也出现在他氏森林书等梨俱吠陀篇章（前1700年至前1100年）。^[3]

笈多帝国君主头衔为众罗阇之摩诃罗阇。^[4]

十世纪瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊王朝君主成为雅利安·伐尔塔的众罗阇之摩诃罗阇。^[5]

众罗阇之摩诃罗阇作为帝衔被帕拉瓦王朝、波罗王朝、蔑戾车王朝（英语：Mlechchha dynasty）君主使用。^[6]

毗奢耶那伽罗帝国使用了众罗阇之摩诃罗阇头衔。^[7]

贵霜帝国统治者头衔为众罗阇之罗阇、摩诃罗阇。^[8]

古美索不达米亚[编辑]

亚述和巴比伦[编辑]

最早是亚述帝国的图库尔蒂-尼努尔塔一世使用 šar šarrāni 头衔。šar 为城邦统治者。随着亚述帝国的形成，亚述统治者将自己王权置于众城邦之上，成为名副其实的“万王之王”。^[9]在图库尔提-尼努尔塔统治之后，亚述和巴比伦的君主偶尔使用这个头衔。^[10]后来使用šar šarrāni的亚述统治者包括阿萨尔哈东和亚述巴尼拔。^[11]^[12]šar šarrāni 是新巴比伦帝国末代君主那波尼德的众多头衔之一。^[13]

声称拥有万事万物所有权的头衔在整个古美索不达米亚历史上很常见。例如，亚述巴尼拔的曾祖父萨尔贡二世使用了大王、全能王、宇宙王、亚述王、巴比伦王、苏美尔与阿卡德之王。^[14]

乌拉尔图和米底[编辑]

万王之王的头衔出现在乌拉尔图君主的铭文中。^[10]米底的统治者也可能使用这个头衔，因为其统治者从乌拉尔图和美索不达米亚其他地区借用了他们的大部分王权象征和礼仪。这个头衔的阿契美尼德波斯语变体 Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām，这表明阿契美尼德的头衔可能来源于米底而非美索不达米亚。^[10]

图什帕要塞附近防御工事上的亚述语铭文提到乌拉尔图君主萨尔杜里一世是城墙的建造者和持有万王之王头衔。^[15]

女性形式与用法[编辑]

众王之王
- 阿那帕王朝女君主跋罗摩诃提毗（英语：Ballamahadevi）使用男性头衔众罗阇之摩诃罗阇。^[16]
- 跋摩伽罗王朝（英语：Bhauma-Kara dynasty）中的三位女性君主使用男性头衔众罗阇之摩诃罗阇，同时也使用女性头衔至高女祜主（paramesvari)。^[17]^[18]^[19]
- 格鲁吉亚塔玛尔女王同时持有头衔mepeta-mepe(众王之王)与dedopalta-dedopali(众女王之女王)。^[20]
众王之女王
- 托勒密王国克娄巴特拉七世在受赠罗马领土时宣布为众王之女王。^[21]
- 塔玛尔女王之女鲁速丹的头衔为众女王与众王之女王。^[22]
- 埃塞俄比亚帝国女君主佐迪图 Nəgəstä Nägäst (众王之女王). 男性形式为 Nəgusä Nägäst。
众女王之女王
- 伊朗帝国的女性头衔 bānbishnān bānbishn (众女王之女王)对等于男性头衔 shahanshah（众沙之沙）。
- 格拉特修道院壁画中格鲁吉亚头衔 dedopalta-dedopali (众女王之女王) 被用于王后伊梅雷蒂。^[23]

宗教[编辑]

犹太教[编辑]

犹太教术语“众马利克之马利克之马利克”(Melech Malchei HaMelachim) 作为神的称谓之一, “众王之王之王”使用双重最高级头衔凌驾于圣经中巴比伦与波斯的“众王之王”。^[24]

基督教[编辑]

众王之王 (βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλευόντων) 在新约中用于指耶稣基督，提摩太前书 (6:15)出现一次，启示录(17:14, 19:11–16)出现两次。^[25] 一些基督教王国（格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚和埃塞俄比亚）使用了这个头衔，它是拜占庭帝国巴列奥略王朝座右铭的一部分，“众巴西琉斯之巴西琉斯，统治众巴西琉斯”（希腊语：Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων，罗马化：Basileus Basileōn，Basileuōn Basileuontōn）。^[26]巴西琉斯一词在古代的意思是“王”，后来已经有了“皇帝”的意思。拜占庭统治者在使用拉丁语时将“巴西琉斯”翻译成“英白拉多”，并称其他国王为雷克斯（英语：Rex (title)）或希腊化的 rēgas（ρήξ， ρήγας）。^[27]^[28]因此，拜占庭帝国的众巴西琉斯之巴西琉斯（Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων）的意思是“众帝之帝”。拜占庭统治者只将巴西琉斯头衔授予他们认为平等的两个外国统治者，即阿克苏姆国王和萨珊帝国众沙之沙（shahanshah），导致“众王之王”等价于西方的“皇帝”。^[29]

伊斯兰教[编辑]

随着651年萨珊帝国的灭亡，众沙之沙头衔在穆斯林世界受到严厉批评。波斯白益王朝采用众沙之沙需要一群法学家就其合法性达成共识，^[30]而这个头衔本身（作为万王之王波斯语变体众沙之沙）在逊尼派圣训中受到谴责，例如布哈里圣训集73圣训224^[31]和225^[32]。

伊斯兰世界对这个头衔的谴责可能源于早期伊斯兰教中“唯有神才是王”的观念。反对世俗王权，使用“万王之王”被认为是令人厌恶和亵渎的。^[33]

现代使用[编辑]

伊朗[编辑]

巴列维家族的现任领袖礼萨·巴列维二世在1980年父亲去世后，象征性地宣布自己为 shahanshah (众沙之沙)，时年21岁^[34]

利比亚[编辑]

2008年8月28日，利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲被授予“众王之王”的称号，200多名非洲部落酋长与国王齐聚一堂，支持他使用这一称号，并表示“我们决定认可我们的兄弟领袖为“非洲的众王、众苏丹、众亲王、众酋长和众市长之王”。在班加西举行的这次会议上，卡扎菲获得了包括宝座、18世纪古兰经、传统服装和鸵鸟蛋等礼物。同时，卡扎菲敦促众人向各自政府施压，加快统一非洲大陆的进程。卡扎菲告诉众人，“我们需要一支非洲军队来保卫非洲，我们需要一种单一的非洲货币，我们需要一本能畅行非洲的护照”。^[35]^[36]这次会议后来被国际媒体称为“奇怪仪式”。^[37]

另见[编辑]

亚洲之王

参考[编辑]

引用[编辑]

^ Pasricha 1998，第11页. "In Sanskrit, 'Chakravarti' means the King of Kings."
^ Atikal & Parthasarathy (tr.) 2004，第342页.
^ Mookerji 1914，第71页.
^ Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. 2008: 485. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9 （英语）.
^ André Wink. Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. BRILL. 2002: 284. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.
^ Singh, U. B. Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947. APH Publishing. 1998: 66–72. ISBN 978-81-7024-928-3 （英语）.
^ Patil, Madhao P. Court Life Under the Vijayanagar Rulers. B.R. Publishing Corporation. 1999: 200. ISBN 978-81-7646-094-1 （英语）.
^ Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (编). The Age of the Parthians. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010-03-24: 15. ISBN 978-0-85771-018-5 （英语）.
^ Handy 1994，第112页.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 King of kings in Media and Urartu.
^ Karlsson 2017，第7页.
^ Karlsson 2017，第10页.
^ Oshima 2017，第655页.
^ Levin 2002，第362页.
^ Tušpa (Van).
^ Eraly, Abraham. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India. 2011: 368. ISBN 978-0-670-08478-4 （英语）. the queen Ballamahadevi of the Alupa dynasty in southern Karnataka ruled for many years with the masculine title Maharajadhiraja.
^ Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 125 （英语）. Tribhubana-mahadevi III, like her predecessor Prthvimahadevi, assumed imperial titles of Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.
^ Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 126 （英语）. Dandimahadevi assumed imperial title of Parama-mahesvari, Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.
^ Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 126 （英语）. She issued the Angul charter and Taltali charter both of which are undated. The first was issued during the reign of her husband and there she is described simply as Sri Dharma-mahadevi without any royal title. In Taltali plate, she is described as Parama-bhattarika-Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.
^ Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. 2013-02-15: 109. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2 （英语）. Despite Tamar's resistance, the marriage was celebrated immediately: luri was declared king (mepe), but Tamar as mepeta-mepe, dedopalta-dedopali (king of kings, queen of queens) remained the ruling monarch.
^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 49
^ Rapp, Stephen H. Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past 2. University of Michigan. 1997: 577. ISBN 9780591308280 （英语）.
^ Jost Gippert (编). Gelati Academy of Sciences: The Fresco of the Royal Donators. The Armazi Project. [2023-09-28].
^ Gluck 2010，第78页.
^ Jesus As King Of Kings.
^ Atlagić 1997，第2页.
^ Kazhdan 1991，第264页.
^ Morrisson 2013，第72页.
^ Chrysos 1978，第42页.
^ Amedroz 1905，第398页.
^ Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 224.
^ Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 225.
^ Madelung 1969，第84页.
^ Goodspeed 2010.
^ Gaddafi named 'king of kings'.
^ Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'.
^ Adebajo 2011.

来源[编辑]

Levin, Yigal. Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad. Vetus Testamentum. 2002, 52 (3): 350–366. doi:10.1163/156853302760197494.
Atlagić, Marko. The cross with symbols S as heraldic symbols (PDF). Baština. 1997, 8: 149–158. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于May 21, 2013）.
Amedroz, H. F. The Assumption of the Title Shahanshah by Buwayhid Rulers. The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. 1905, 5: 393–399. JSTOR 42662137.
Chrysos, Evangelos K. The Title Βασιλευσ in Early Byzantine International Relations. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 1978, 32: 29–75. JSTOR 1291418. doi:10.2307/1291418.
Oshima, Takayoshi M. Nebuchadnezzar's Madness (Daniel 4:30): Reminiscence of a Historical Event or a Legend?. Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova L.; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʻal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (编). "Now it Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday. Eisenbrauns. 2017: 645–675. ISBN 978-1-57506-760-5 （英语）.
Atikal, Ilanko. The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet. 由Parthasarathy, R.翻译. Penguin Books. 2004. ISBN 9780143031963.
Morrisson, Cécile. Displaying the Emperor's Authority and Kharaktèr on the Marketplace. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1409436089.
Madelung, Wilferd. The Assumption of the Title Shāhānshāh by the Būyids and "The Reign of the Daylam (Dawlat Al-Daylam)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 1969, 28 (2): 84–108. JSTOR 543315. S2CID 159540778. doi:10.1086/371995.
Gluck, P. K. The Sovereignty of Kings and the Rule of Scientists: A Paradigm Conflict (PDF). The University of Michigan. 2010.
Kazhdan, Alexander. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
Handy, Lowell K. Among the host of Heaven: the Syro-Palestinian pantheon as bureaucracy. Eisenbrauns. 1994. ISBN 978-0931464843.
Karlsson, Mattias. Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia. 2017. S2CID 6128352. 缺少或|url=为空 (帮助)
Pasricha, Ashu. Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers (vol. 15: The Political Thought Of C. Rajagopalachari). Concept Publishing. 1998. ISBN 9788180694950.
Mookerji, Radha Kumud. The Fundamental Unity of India (from Hindu Sources). Longmans, Green and Company. 1914. OCLC 561934377.

King of kings in Media and Urartu. melammu-project.eu. [19 February 2019].
Tušpa (Van). livius.org. [20 February 2019].
Goodspeed, Peter. It is my duty. rezapahlavi.org. 2010 [21 February 2019]. （原始内容存档于2 October 2013）.
Adebajo, Adekeye. Gaddafi: the man who would be king of Africa. theguardian.com. 2011 [20 February 2019].
Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'. news.bbc.co.uk. 29 August 2008 [20 February 2019].
Gaddafi named 'king of kings'. news24.com. [20 February 2019].
Sahih al-Bukhari 6205. amrayn.com. [20 February 2019].
Sahih al-Bukhari 6206. amrayn.com. [20 February 2019].
6 Bible Verses about Jesus As King Of Kings. bible.knowing-jesus.com. [20 February 2019].

[FOOTNOTEPasricha199811-1] Pasricha 1998，第11页. "In Sanskrit, 'Chakravarti' means the King of Kings."

[FOOTNOTEAtikalParthasarathy_(tr.)2004342-2] Atikal & Parthasarathy (tr.) 2004，第342页.

[FOOTNOTEMookerji191471-3] Mookerji 1914，第71页.

[4] Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. 2008: 485. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9 （英语）.

[5] André Wink. Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. BRILL. 2002: 284. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.

[6] Singh, U. B. Administrative System in India: Vedic Age to 1947. APH Publishing. 1998: 66–72. ISBN 978-81-7024-928-3 （英语）.

[7] Patil, Madhao P. Court Life Under the Vijayanagar Rulers. B.R. Publishing Corporation. 1999: 200. ISBN 978-81-7646-094-1 （英语）.

[8] Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (编). The Age of the Parthians. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2010-03-24: 15. ISBN 978-0-85771-018-5 （英语）.

[FOOTNOTEHandy1994112-9] Handy 1994，第112页.

[FOOTNOTEKing_of_kings_in_Media_and_Urartu-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 King of kings in Media and Urartu.

[FOOTNOTEKarlsson20177-11] Karlsson 2017，第7页.

[FOOTNOTEKarlsson201710-12] Karlsson 2017，第10页.

[FOOTNOTEOshima2017655-13] Oshima 2017，第655页.

[FOOTNOTELevin2002362-14] Levin 2002，第362页.

[FOOTNOTETušpa_(Van)-15] Tušpa (Van).

[16] Eraly, Abraham. The First Spring: The Golden Age of India. Penguin Books India. 2011: 368. ISBN 978-0-670-08478-4 （英语）. the queen Ballamahadevi of the Alupa dynasty in southern Karnataka ruled for many years with the masculine title Maharajadhiraja.

[17] Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 125 （英语）. Tribhubana-mahadevi III, like her predecessor Prthvimahadevi, assumed imperial titles of Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.

[18] Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 126 （英语）. Dandimahadevi assumed imperial title of Parama-mahesvari, Parama-bhattarika, Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.

[19] Sahu, N. K. History of Orissa. Nalanda. 1981: 126 （英语）. She issued the Angul charter and Taltali charter both of which are undated. The first was issued during the reign of her husband and there she is described simply as Sri Dharma-mahadevi without any royal title. In Taltali plate, she is described as Parama-bhattarika-Maharajadhiraja Paramesvari.

[20] Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. 2013-02-15: 109. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2 （英语）. Despite Tamar's resistance, the marriage was celebrated immediately: luri was declared king (mepe), but Tamar as mepeta-mepe, dedopalta-dedopali (king of kings, queen of queens) remained the ruling monarch.

[dio-21] Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 49

[22] Rapp, Stephen H. Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past 2. University of Michigan. 1997: 577. ISBN 9780591308280 （英语）.

[23] Jost Gippert (编). Gelati Academy of Sciences: The Fresco of the Royal Donators. The Armazi Project. [2023-09-28].

[FOOTNOTEGluck201078-24] Gluck 2010，第78页.

[FOOTNOTEJesus_As_King_Of_Kings-25] Jesus As King Of Kings.

[FOOTNOTEAtlagić19972-26] Atlagić 1997，第2页.

[FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991264-27] Kazhdan 1991，第264页.

[FOOTNOTEMorrisson201372-28] Morrisson 2013，第72页.

[FOOTNOTEChrysos197842-29] Chrysos 1978，第42页.

[FOOTNOTEAmedroz1905398-30] Amedroz 1905，第398页.

[FOOTNOTESahih_al-Bukhari_Book_73_Hadith_224-31] Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 224.

[FOOTNOTESahih_al-Bukhari_Book_73_Hadith_225-32] Sahih al-Bukhari Book 73 Hadith 225.

[FOOTNOTEMadelung196984-33] Madelung 1969，第84页.

[FOOTNOTEGoodspeed2010-34] Goodspeed 2010.

[FOOTNOTEGaddafi_named_'king_of_kings'-35] Gaddafi named 'king of kings'.

[FOOTNOTEGaddafi:_Africa's_'king_of_kings'-36] Gaddafi: Africa's 'king of kings'.

[FOOTNOTEAdebajo2011-37] Adebajo 2011.

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