羅馬獨裁官列表

本列表收錄了古代文獻中記錄的羅馬獨裁官。當代歷史學家對其中一些記載是否真正發生過存有疑慮。在古代，獨裁官並沒有貶義，而是指在一段時期內獨自掌權的官員。其中只有蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒的獨裁官頭銜是終身的。

列表中所有日期以及人物拉丁名都出自布勞頓（T.R.S. Broughton）《Magistrates of the Roman Republic》。

獨裁官有幾種不同類型，包括rei gerundae causa（戰事）、clavi figendi causa（在朱庇特神廟插釘）、comitiorum habendorum causa（主持選舉大會）、lodorum faciendorum causa（主持羅馬節）。除此以外的其他類型根據現有材料都只出現過一次，不過有一個可能的例外則是seditionis sedandae et rgc（平亂及戰事）。以下列表中標明星號*的則表明其類型在古代文獻中並未記載，而是出自現代學者的研究。^[1]

年份	任期	中文名	拉丁文名	類型/註釋
前501年或前498年		提圖斯·拉爾基烏斯·弗拉烏斯	Titus Lartius Flavus^[2]	Rei gerundae causa
前499年或前496年		奧盧斯·波斯圖米烏斯·阿爾布斯·雷吉雷恩西斯	Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis	*Rei gerundae causa
前494年		馬尼烏斯·瓦萊里烏斯·馬克西穆斯	Manius Valerius Maximus	*Rei gerundae causa
前463年		蓋烏斯·埃米利烏斯·馬梅爾庫斯	Gaius Aemilius Mamercus?	*Clavi figendi causa（可能是攝政而非獨裁官）^[3]
前458年	第一任	盧基烏斯·昆克蒂烏斯·欽欽納圖斯	Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus	Rei gerundae causa
前439年	第二任	盧基烏斯·昆克蒂烏斯·欽欽納圖斯	Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus	*Rei gerundae causa 或 *seditionis sedandae causa
前437年	第一任	馬梅爾庫斯·埃米利烏斯·馬梅爾基努斯	Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus	*Rei gerundae causa
前435年	第一任	昆圖斯·塞爾維利烏斯·普里斯庫斯·費德納斯	Quintus Servilius Priscus Fidenas	*Rei gerundae causa
前434年	第二任	馬梅爾庫斯·埃米利烏斯·馬梅爾基努斯	Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus	*Rei gerundae causa
前431年		奧盧斯·波斯圖米烏斯·圖貝爾圖斯	Aulus Postumius Tubertus	*Rei gerundae causa
前426年	第三任	馬梅爾庫斯·埃米利烏斯·馬梅爾基努斯	Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus	*Rei gerundae causa
前418年	第二任	昆圖斯·塞爾維利烏斯·普里斯庫斯·費德納斯	Quintus Servilius Priscus Fidenas	*Rei gerundae causa
前408年		普布利烏斯·科爾內利烏斯·科蘇斯	Publius Cornelius Rutilus Cossus	*Rei gerundae causa
前396年	第一任	馬庫斯·福利烏斯·卡米盧斯	Marcus Furius Camillus	*Rei gerundae causa
前390年	第二任	馬庫斯·福利烏斯·卡米盧斯	Marcus Furius Camillus	*Rei gerundae causa
前389年	第三任	馬庫斯·福利烏斯·卡米盧斯	Marcus Furius Camillus	*Rei gerundae causa
前385年		奧盧斯·科爾內利烏斯·科蘇斯	Aulus Cornelius Cossus	*Rei gerundae causa
前380年		提圖斯·昆克蒂烏斯·欽欽納圖斯·卡皮托利努斯	Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus	*Rei gerundae causa
前368年	第四任	馬庫斯·福利烏斯·卡米盧斯	Marcus Furius Camillus	Rei gerundae causa
前368年		普布利烏斯·曼利烏斯·卡皮托利努斯	Publius Manlius Capitolinus	Seditionis sedandae et rei gerendae causa
前367年	第五任	馬庫斯·福利烏斯·卡米盧斯	Marcus Furius Camillus	Rei gerundae causa
前363年		盧基烏斯·曼利烏斯·卡皮托利努斯·因佩里奧蘇斯	Lucius Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus	Clavi figendi causa
前362年		阿庇烏斯·克勞狄·克拉蘇·因雷吉萊恩西斯	Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis	*Rei gerundae causa
前361年		提圖斯·昆克蒂烏斯·波埃努斯·卡皮托利努斯·克里斯皮努斯	Titus Quinctius Poenus Capitolinus Crispinus	Rei gerundae causa
前360年		昆圖斯·塞爾維利烏斯·阿哈拉	Quintus Servilius Ahala	Rei gerundae causa
前358年		蓋烏斯·蘇爾皮基烏斯·佩蒂庫斯	Gaius Sulpicius Peticus	*Rei gerundae causa
前356年		蓋烏斯·馬爾基烏斯·魯蒂盧斯	Gaius Marcius Rutilus	*Rei gerundae causa
前353年	第一任	提圖斯·曼利烏斯·因佩里奧蘇斯·托爾卡圖斯	Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus	*Rei gerundae causa
前352年		蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·尤盧斯	Gaius Julius Iullus	*Rei gerundae causa
前351年		馬爾庫斯·費邊·安布斯圖斯	Marcus Fabius Ambustus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前350年	第一任	盧基烏斯·弗里烏斯·卡米盧斯	Lucius Furius Camillus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前349年	第二任	提圖斯·曼利烏斯·因佩里奧蘇斯·托爾卡圖斯	Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前345年	第二任	盧基烏斯·弗里烏斯·卡米盧斯	Lucius Furius Camillus	*Rei gerundae causa
前344年		普布利烏斯·瓦萊里烏斯·普布利科拉	Publius Valerius Publicola	Feriarum constituendarum causa
前342年	第一任	馬爾庫斯·瓦萊里烏斯·科爾烏斯	Marcus Valerius Corvus	*Seditionis sedandae causa et rgc 或 *rei gerundae causa
前340年		盧基烏斯·帕皮里烏斯·克拉蘇	Lucius Papirius Crassus	*Rei gerundae causa
前339年		昆圖斯·普布利利烏斯·斐洛	Quintus Publilius Philo	*Rei gerundae causa
前337年		蓋烏斯·克勞狄·伊恩雷吉爾雷恩西斯	Caius Claudius Inregillensis	*Rei gerundae causa；因任命被宣佈存在問題而辭任
前335年		盧基烏斯·埃米利烏斯·馬梅爾基努斯·普里維爾納斯	Lucius Aemilius Mamercinus Privernas	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前333年		普布利烏斯·科爾內利烏斯·魯菲努斯	Publius Cornelius Rufinus	*Rei gerundae causa；因任命被宣佈存在問題而辭任^[4]
前332年		馬爾庫斯·帕皮里烏斯·克拉蘇	Marcus Papirius Crassus	*Rei gerundae causa
前331年		格奈烏斯·昆克蒂烏斯·卡皮托利努斯	Gnaeus Quinctius Capitolinus	Clavi figendi causa
前327年		馬爾庫斯·克勞狄·馬爾凱盧斯	Marcus Claudius Marcellus	Comitiorum habendorum causa；因任命被宣佈存在問題而辭任
前325年	第一任	盧基烏斯·帕皮里烏斯·庫爾索爾	Lucius Papirius Cursor	Rei gerundae causa
前324	第二任	盧基烏斯·帕皮里烏斯·庫爾索爾	Lucius Papirius Cursor	*Rei gerundae causa^[4]
前322年		奧盧斯·科爾內利烏斯·科蘇斯·阿爾維納	Aulus Cornelius Cossus Arvina	Ludorum faciendorum causa 或 rei gerundae causa^[5]
前321年		昆圖斯·費邊·安布斯圖斯	Quintus Fabius Ambustus	Comitiorum habendorum causa；因任命被宣佈存在問題而辭任
前321年		馬爾庫斯·埃米利烏斯·帕普斯	Marcus Aemilius Papus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前320年	第一任	蓋烏斯·邁尼烏斯	Gaius Maenius	（未知）^[6]
前320年		盧基烏斯·科爾內利烏斯·萊恩圖盧斯	Lucius Cornelius Lentulus	*Rei gerundae causa
前320年	第三任	提圖斯·曼利烏斯·因佩里奧蘇斯·托爾卡圖斯	Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus	*Comitiorum habendorum causa
前316年		盧基烏斯·埃米利烏斯·馬梅爾基努斯·普里維爾納斯	Lucius Aemilius Mamercinus Privernas	Rei gerundae causa
前315年	第一任	昆圖斯·費邊·馬克西姆斯·魯利安努斯	Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus	Rei gerundae causa
前314年	第二任	蓋烏斯·邁尼烏斯	Gaius Maenius	Rei gerundae causa
前313年		蓋烏斯·波埃特利努斯·利波·維索盧斯	Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus	Rei gerundae causa 或 clavi figendi causa^[7]
前313年	第二任	昆圖斯·費邊·馬克西姆斯·魯利安努斯	Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus	*Rei gerundae causa^[7]
前312年		蓋烏斯·蘇爾皮基烏斯·隆古斯	Gaius Sulpicius Longus	Rei gerundae causa^[8]
前312年		蓋烏斯·尤尼烏斯·布布爾庫斯·布魯圖	Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus	*Rei gerundae causa（可能是騎士統領而非獨裁官）^[8]
前310年	第三任	盧基烏斯·帕皮里烏斯·庫爾索爾	Lucius Papirius Cursor	*Rei gerundae causa
前309年	第四任	盧基烏斯·帕皮里烏斯·庫爾索爾	Lucius Papirius Cursor	*Rei gerundae causa^[4]
前306年		普布利烏斯·科爾內利烏斯·西庇阿·巴爾巴圖斯	Publius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前302年	第二任？	蓋烏斯·尤尼烏斯·布布爾庫斯·布魯圖	Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus	*Rei gerundae causa
前302年	第二任	馬爾庫斯·瓦萊里烏斯·科爾烏斯	Marcus Valerius Corvus	*Rei gerundae causa
前301年	第三任	馬爾庫斯·瓦萊里烏斯·科爾烏斯	Marcus Valerius Corvus	*Rei gerundae causa^[4]
前292年－前285年		馬爾庫斯·埃米利烏斯·巴爾布拉	Marcus Aemilius Barbula	（未知）^[9]
前291年－前285年		阿庇烏斯·克勞狄·卡埃庫斯	Appius Claudius Caecus	（未知）^[9]
前291年－前285年		普布利烏斯·科爾內利烏斯·魯菲努斯	Publius Cornelius Rufinus	（未知）^[9]
前287年		昆圖斯·霍爾特恩西烏斯	Quintus Hortensius	*Seditionis sedandae causa 或 *rei gerundae causa
前280年		格奈烏斯·多米蒂烏斯·卡爾維努斯·馬克西姆斯	Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前263年		格奈烏斯·弗爾維烏斯·馬克西穆斯·凱恩圖馬盧斯	Gnaeus Fulvius Maximus Centumalus	Clavi figendi causa
前257年		昆圖斯·奧古爾尼烏斯·加魯斯	Quintus Ogulnius Gallus	Latinarum feriarum causa^[10]
前249年		馬爾庫斯·克勞狄·加利西亞	Marcus Claudius Glicia	（未記錄）；被迫辭任^[11]
前249年		奧盧斯·阿蒂利烏斯·卡拉蒂努斯	Aulus Atilius Calatinus	Rei gerundae causa
前246年		提貝里烏斯·科倫卡尼烏斯	Tiberius Coruncanius	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前231年		蓋烏斯·杜伊利烏斯	Gaius Duilius	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前224年		盧基烏斯·卡埃基利烏斯·梅特魯斯	Lucius Caecilius Metellus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前221年	第一任	昆圖斯·費邊·馬克西穆斯·維爾魯科蘇斯	Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator	（未知）^[12]
前217年	第二任	昆圖斯·費邊·馬克西穆斯·維爾魯科蘇斯	Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator	Interregni causa^[13]
前217年		馬爾庫斯·米努基烏斯·魯弗斯	Marcus Minucius Rufus	共治獨裁官或騎士統領^[14]
前217年		盧基烏斯·維圖里烏斯·斐洛	Lucius Veturius Philo	Comitorium habendorum causa；因任命被宣佈存在問題而辭任
前216年		馬爾庫斯·尤尼烏斯·佩拉	Marcus Junius Pera	Rei gerundae causa
前216年		馬爾庫斯·費邊·布特奧	Marcus Fabius Buteo	Senatus legendi causa^[15]
前213年		蓋烏斯·克勞狄·肯托	Gaius Claudius Centho	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前210年		昆圖斯·弗爾維烏斯·弗拉庫斯	Quintus Fulvius Flaccus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前208年		提圖斯·曼利烏斯·托爾卡圖斯	Titus Manlius Torquatus	Comitiorum habendorum causa 或 ludorum faciendorum causa
前207年		馬爾庫斯·李維·薩利納托爾	Marcus Livius Salinator	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前205年		昆圖斯·卡埃基利烏斯·梅特魯斯	Quintus Caecilius Metellus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前203年		普布利烏斯·蘇爾皮基烏斯·加爾巴·馬克西姆斯	Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前202年		蓋烏斯·塞爾維利烏斯·格米努斯	Gaius Servilius Geminus	Comitiorum habendorum causa
前82/81年－前81年		盧基烏斯·科爾內利烏斯·蘇拉	Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix	Legibus faciendis et rei publicae constituendae causa
前49年	第一任	蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒	Gaius Julius Caesar	Rei gerundae causa
前48年	第二任	蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒	Gaius Julius Caesar	Rei gerundae causa
前47年	第三任	蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒	Gaius Julius Caesar	Rei gerundae causa
前46年	第四任	蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒	Gaius Julius Caesar	Rei gerundae causa
前45年	第五任	蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒	Gaius Julius Caesar	Rei gerundae causa
前44年	--	蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒	Gaius Julius Caesar	perpetuus（終身）

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Marianne Hartfield argues that only Manlius Capitolinus was named dictator seditionis sedandae et rgc in 368 BC, and that it was his dictatorship that caused the Romans to institute new causes to distinguish between the traditional military office (rei gerundae causa) and other uses to which the powers of that office might be put. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981.
^ The name of the first dictator is also given as Manius Valerius Volesi, but Livy rejects this in favor of Titus Lartius Flavus on the basis of the law that only consulars could be named dictator and Valerius had not yet been named consul. Broughton follows Livy in this. Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 9.
^ No dictator is listed for this year in the fasti consulares, but Lydus says that there was a dictator in the forty-eighty year of the republic. Bendel links this with the story that the senate appointed a dictator clavi figendi causa in 363 BC because that had worked to stop a pestilence a century earlier and concludes that Mamercus was this dictator. Broughton sees this as an insufficient reason to say that Mamercus was dictator in 463 BC, and suggests that Lydus has confused a dictator with an interrex. Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 35 n.2.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 The fasti consulares, but no other source, list four years in which there was a dictator but no consuls elected: 333, 324, 309, and 301. In each case, Livy includes the names of the dictator and magister equitum under the previous years consuls. See Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 141.
^ The sources for the causa of this dictator conflict. Most historians accept that Cornelius carried on the Ludi Romani games when the praetor fell ill and attempt to explain how an annalist would have altered the records to make this a dictator rei gerundae causa. See Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 420.
^ Maenius is one of three dictators appointed in 320, none of whom is listed as having abdicated and been replaced by another dictator. This fact, combined with the fact that Cornelius Lentulus can only have been appointed rei gerundae causa, her conclusion that Manlius Torquatus was appointed comitiorum habendorum causa, and her judgment that the quaestionibus exercendis cannot have been his causa and is never said to be by Livy (the source of the phrase) lead Hartfield to conclude that Maenius must have had a religious function. She cannot conclude which religious causa he might have had, except that it certainly was not clavi figendi causa. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 425–28.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Livy and the fasti consulares suggest that Poetelius was dictator rei gerundae causa, but Livy preserves a source who claims that one of the consuls that year instead captured the town Poetelius was said to have captured and that his dictatorship was instead clavi figendi causa. Some modern historians do not dismiss this alternate account. Because an rgc does not hammer in the sacred nail, if Poetelius did, then he must have been appointed dictator twice this year, once for each causa. Diodorus Siculus attributes the victories credited to Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus to one Κόιντος Φάβιος instead. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 443–51.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 The fasti consulares list Gaius Sulpicius Longus as the dictator rei gerundae causa and Gauis Junius Bubulcus Brutus as his magister equitum, but Livy names the latter as dictator, without following his usual procedure of recording the magister equitum. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 452–54.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Three dictators are known only from various literary sources. Historians date them to a period for which the fasti consulares and Livy's history are missing but nothing about their causa can be known. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 471–76.
^ This is the only known instance of this causa, "for celebrating the Latin games."
^ The fasti consulares do not record Claudius' causa, but do note that he had been a clerk and that he was forced to abdicate. Normally, dictators were senators of consular rank, not equestrians. It seems that the consul naming him did so to scorn the senate, which had voted to appoint a dictator to relieve him in Sicily. Claudius' nomination would not declared by the augurs to have been invalid, but the senate forced him to resign by means unknown. Aulus Atilius Caiatinus was appointed in Claudius' stead. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 480–83.
^ Livy says that Fabius Maximus was appointed dictator "again" in 217, so he must have had a dictatorship for some unknown cause in the periods covered by the portions of Livy that are lost.
^ This causa, "because of the interregnum," is unique and perplexing, as there was no interregnum (one consul was still alive). Some scholars suggest that the fasti consulares misstate Fabius' causa, since he clearly took the field like a dictator rei gerundae causa. Hartfield suggests that the senate did not want to alter the forms of dictator already in use to meet the almost unique situation it found itself in, and so said that the situation was like an interregnum. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 303–6.
^ Minucius was appointed Fabius Maximus' magister equitum but opposed his strategy of delay, so a tribune proposed a law to make his authority equal to that of the dictator. Scholars disagree whether this made Minucius a co-dictator or instead a magister equitum with dictatorial imperium. Since he was known to have been a dictator, those who advance the second possibility identify an additional dictatorship for him in the period for which the Livian history is missing, perhaps comitiorum habendorum causa. See Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 489–99. and Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 243–44.
^ This is the only instance of this causa. The senate decided to appoint a dictator to enroll new senators after Cannae rather than push up elections for new censors to do the same.

[1] Marianne Hartfield argues that only Manlius Capitolinus was named dictator seditionis sedandae et rgc in 368 BC, and that it was his dictatorship that caused the Romans to institute new causes to distinguish between the traditional military office (rei gerundae causa) and other uses to which the powers of that office might be put. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981.

[2] The name of the first dictator is also given as Manius Valerius Volesi, but Livy rejects this in favor of Titus Lartius Flavus on the basis of the law that only consulars could be named dictator and Valerius had not yet been named consul. Broughton follows Livy in this. Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 9.

[3] No dictator is listed for this year in the fasti consulares, but Lydus says that there was a dictator in the forty-eighty year of the republic. Bendel links this with the story that the senate appointed a dictator clavi figendi causa in 363 BC because that had worked to stop a pestilence a century earlier and concludes that Mamercus was this dictator. Broughton sees this as an insufficient reason to say that Mamercus was dictator in 463 BC, and suggests that Lydus has confused a dictator with an interrex. Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 35 n.2.

[dictator-year-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 The fasti consulares, but no other source, list four years in which there was a dictator but no consuls elected: 333, 324, 309, and 301. In each case, Livy includes the names of the dictator and magister equitum under the previous years consuls. See Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 141.

[5] The sources for the causa of this dictator conflict. Most historians accept that Cornelius carried on the Ludi Romani games when the praetor fell ill and attempt to explain how an annalist would have altered the records to make this a dictator rei gerundae causa. See Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 420.

[6] Maenius is one of three dictators appointed in 320, none of whom is listed as having abdicated and been replaced by another dictator. This fact, combined with the fact that Cornelius Lentulus can only have been appointed rei gerundae causa, her conclusion that Manlius Torquatus was appointed comitiorum habendorum causa, and her judgment that the quaestionibus exercendis cannot have been his causa and is never said to be by Livy (the source of the phrase) lead Hartfield to conclude that Maenius must have had a religious function. She cannot conclude which religious causa he might have had, except that it certainly was not clavi figendi causa. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 425–28.

[Poetelius-Fabius-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Livy and the fasti consulares suggest that Poetelius was dictator rei gerundae causa, but Livy preserves a source who claims that one of the consuls that year instead captured the town Poetelius was said to have captured and that his dictatorship was instead clavi figendi causa. Some modern historians do not dismiss this alternate account. Because an rgc does not hammer in the sacred nail, if Poetelius did, then he must have been appointed dictator twice this year, once for each causa. Diodorus Siculus attributes the victories credited to Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus to one Κόιντος Φάβιος instead. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 443–51.

[Sulpicius-Junius-8] 8.0 ^8.1 The fasti consulares list Gaius Sulpicius Longus as the dictator rei gerundae causa and Gauis Junius Bubulcus Brutus as his magister equitum, but Livy names the latter as dictator, without following his usual procedure of recording the magister equitum. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 452–54.

[missing-fasti-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Three dictators are known only from various literary sources. Historians date them to a period for which the fasti consulares and Livy's history are missing but nothing about their causa can be known. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 471–76.

[10] This is the only known instance of this causa, "for celebrating the Latin games."

[11] The fasti consulares do not record Claudius' causa, but do note that he had been a clerk and that he was forced to abdicate. Normally, dictators were senators of consular rank, not equestrians. It seems that the consul naming him did so to scorn the senate, which had voted to appoint a dictator to relieve him in Sicily. Claudius' nomination would not declared by the augurs to have been invalid, but the senate forced him to resign by means unknown. Aulus Atilius Caiatinus was appointed in Claudius' stead. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 480–83.

[12] Livy says that Fabius Maximus was appointed dictator "again" in 217, so he must have had a dictatorship for some unknown cause in the periods covered by the portions of Livy that are lost.

[13] This causa, "because of the interregnum," is unique and perplexing, as there was no interregnum (one consul was still alive). Some scholars suggest that the fasti consulares misstate Fabius' causa, since he clearly took the field like a dictator rei gerundae causa. Hartfield suggests that the senate did not want to alter the forms of dictator already in use to meet the almost unique situation it found itself in, and so said that the situation was like an interregnum. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 303–6.

[14] Minucius was appointed Fabius Maximus' magister equitum but opposed his strategy of delay, so a tribune proposed a law to make his authority equal to that of the dictator. Scholars disagree whether this made Minucius a co-dictator or instead a magister equitum with dictatorial imperium. Since he was known to have been a dictator, those who advance the second possibility identify an additional dictatorship for him in the period for which the Livian history is missing, perhaps comitiorum habendorum causa. See Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 489–99. and Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 243–44.

[15] This is the only instance of this causa. The senate decided to appoint a dictator to enroll new senators after Cannae rather than push up elections for new censors to do the same.

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