壬二酸

壬二酸
	IUPAC名; nonanedioic acid
識別
CAS號	123-99-9
PubChem	2266
ChemSpider	2179
SMILES	O=C(O)CCCCCCCC(=O)O;
InChI	1/C9H16O4/c10-8(11)6-4-2-1-3-5-7-9(12)13/h1-7H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13);
InChIKey	BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYAK
ChEBI	48131
DrugBank	DB00548
KEGG	D03034
IUPHAR配體	7484
性質
化學式	C9H16O4
摩爾質量	188.22 g·mol−1
外觀	白色粉末
密度	1.443 g/mL
熔點	109 °C（382 K）
沸點	286 °C（559 K）
溶解性（水）	2.14 g/L
pKa	4.550, 5.498
藥理學
ATC代碼	D10AX03（D10）
藥品分級
給藥途徑	外用
	藥代動力學：
生物利用度	極低
生物半衰期	12小時
	若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

壬二酸（又稱杜鵑花酸）（英語：Azelaic acid，縮寫AzA）是一種飽和二羧酸，化學式為HOOC(CH₂)₇COOH。在標準狀態下，純壬二酸呈白色粉末狀。壬二酸自然存在於小麥、黑麥和大麥等榖物中。壬二酸可作為聚合物和增塑劑等化工產品的前體，它也是外用抗痤瘡藥物和某些頭髮和皮膚養護劑的成分。^[2]

製備[編輯]

在工業上，壬二酸可透過油酸的臭氧分解生產，而過程的副產品為壬酸。生活在正常皮膚上的真菌秕糠馬拉癬菌會自然分泌壬二酸，而壬二酸也是壬酸的細菌分解產物。

9-十八碳烯酸經過強氧化劑（如高錳酸鉀氧化）可以製得壬二酸。^[3]

生物作用[編輯]

在植物中，壬二酸是感染後防禦反應中所涉及的一種植物激素。^[4]它能誘導水楊酸的積累，而水楊酸則是植物防禦反應的重要組成部分。^[5]

應用[編輯]

聚合物及相關材料[編輯]

壬二酸酯可用於潤滑劑和增塑劑。在潤滑劑工業中，它可用作鋰潤滑脂的增稠劑。壬二酸與六亞甲基二胺的共聚物是特種塑料尼龍-6,9。^[2]

醫學用途[編輯]

壬二酸可用於治療輕度至中度的粉刺性和炎性痤瘡。^[6]^[7]壬二酸能殺死感染毛孔的痤瘡細菌，還會降低角蛋白的產生，而角蛋白是一種促進痤瘡細菌生長的天然物質。^[8]由於它具有消炎作用，壬二酸還可以用作治療玫瑰痤瘡的外用藥物。它可以治療玫瑰痤瘡引起的腫塊和腫脹。壬二酸的作用機制是通過抑制過度活躍的蛋白酶活性，該蛋白酶能將導管素轉化為抗微生物肽LL-37。^[9]壬二酸也可用於治療皮膚色素沉著，包括黃褐斑和炎症後色素過度沉著，尤其是對於那些膚色較深的人。它也被推薦作為對苯二酚的代替品。^[10]作為酪氨酸酶抑製劑，壬二酸可抑制黑色素的合成。^[11]

與治療脫髮藥物非那甾胺和度他雄胺（英語：dutasteride）相似的是，壬二酸也是一種有效的5α還原酶抑制劑。^[12]

參考文獻[編輯]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Bretti, C.; Crea, F.; Foti, C.; Sammartano, S. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Acidic and Basic Nonelectrolytes in Aqueous Salt Solutions. 2. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Suberic, Azelaic, and Sebacic Acids in NaCl(aq), (CH₃)₄NCl(aq), and (C₂H₅)₄NI(aq) at Different Ionic Strengths and at t = 25 °C. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2006, 51 (5): 1660–1667. doi:10.1021/je060132t.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter. Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2006. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_523.
^ Shi, Chunwei; Zhou, Wenfeng; Zhao, Shanlin; et al. A method for synthesis of azelaic acid by combined oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate[P]. CN 104447279. 2014.
^ Sarah Everts. Vegetative Warfare. Chemical & Engineering News. 2011-01-31, 89 (5): 53–55 [2018-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-02-25）.
^ Jung, H. W.; Tschaplinski, T. J.; Wang, L.; Glazebrook, J.; Greenberg, J. T. Priming in Systemic Plant Immunity. Science. 2009, 324 (5923): 89–91. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...89W. PMID 19342588. doi:10.1126/science.1170025.
^ Azelaic Acid for Acne. [2018-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-10）.
^ Azelaic acid topical. Drugs.com. [2018-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-15）.
^ Liu, R. H.; Smith, M. K.; Basta, S. A.; Farmer, E. R. Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea – A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Dermatol. 2006, 142 (8): 1047–1052. PMID 16924055. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.8.1047.
^ Reinholz, M.; Ruzicka, T.; Schauber, J. Cathelicidin LL-37: An Antimicrobial Peptide with a Role in Inflammatory Skin Disease. Annals of Dermatology. 2012, 24 (2): 126–135. PMC 3346901 . PMID 22577261. doi:10.5021/ad.2012.24.2.126.
^ Draelos, Z. Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatol. Ther. Sep–Oct 2007, 20 (5): 308–313. PMID 18045355. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00144.x.
^ Grimes, Pearl E. Aesthetics and Cosmetic Surgery for Darker Skin Types. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007-07-01: 74 ff. [2011-08-09]. ISBN 978-0-7817-8403-0. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-12）.
^ Stamatiadis, D; Bulteau-Portois, Marie-Claire; Mowszowicz, Irene. Inhibition of 5α-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. British Journal of Dermatology. 1988, 119 (5): 627–32. PMID 3207614. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03474.x.

外部連結[編輯]

DermNet（英語：New Zealand Dermatological Society） treatments/azelaic-acid

Azelaic Acid Topical （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[pka-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Bretti, C.; Crea, F.; Foti, C.; Sammartano, S. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Acidic and Basic Nonelectrolytes in Aqueous Salt Solutions. 2. Solubility and Activity Coefficients of Suberic, Azelaic, and Sebacic Acids in NaCl(aq), (CH₃)₄NCl(aq), and (C₂H₅)₄NI(aq) at Different Ionic Strengths and at t = 25 °C. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2006, 51 (5): 1660–1667. doi:10.1021/je060132t.

[Boy-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cornils, Boy; Lappe, Peter. Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2006. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_523.

[3] Shi, Chunwei; Zhou, Wenfeng; Zhao, Shanlin; et al. A method for synthesis of azelaic acid by combined oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate[P]. CN 104447279. 2014.

[4] Sarah Everts. Vegetative Warfare. Chemical & Engineering News. 2011-01-31, 89 (5): 53–55 [2018-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-02-25）.

[5] Jung, H. W.; Tschaplinski, T. J.; Wang, L.; Glazebrook, J.; Greenberg, J. T. Priming in Systemic Plant Immunity. Science. 2009, 324 (5923): 89–91. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...89W. PMID 19342588. doi:10.1126/science.1170025.

[6] Azelaic Acid for Acne. [2018-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-10）.

[drugs.com-7] Azelaic acid topical. Drugs.com. [2018-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-15）.

[8] Liu, R. H.; Smith, M. K.; Basta, S. A.; Farmer, E. R. Azelaic acid in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea – A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Dermatol. 2006, 142 (8): 1047–1052. PMID 16924055. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.8.1047.

[9] Reinholz, M.; Ruzicka, T.; Schauber, J. Cathelicidin LL-37: An Antimicrobial Peptide with a Role in Inflammatory Skin Disease. Annals of Dermatology. 2012, 24 (2): 126–135. PMC 3346901 . PMID 22577261. doi:10.5021/ad.2012.24.2.126.

[10] Draelos, Z. Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatol. Ther. Sep–Oct 2007, 20 (5): 308–313. PMID 18045355. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00144.x.

[Grimes2007-11] Grimes, Pearl E. Aesthetics and Cosmetic Surgery for Darker Skin Types. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007-07-01: 74 ff. [2011-08-09]. ISBN 978-0-7817-8403-0. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-12）.

[pmid3207614-12] Stamatiadis, D; Bulteau-Portois, Marie-Claire; Mowszowicz, Irene. Inhibition of 5α-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. British Journal of Dermatology. 1988, 119 (5): 627–32. PMID 3207614. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03474.x.

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