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Nikephoros Melissenos
Usurper of the Byzantine Empire
統治1080–1081
前任Nikephoros III Botaneiates
繼任Alexios I Komnenos
出生约1045
Dorylaeum, Byzantine Empire
(modern-day Eskişehir, Turkey)
逝世17 November 1104
near Thessalonica, Byzantine Empire
妻子
  • Eudokia Komnene
子嗣John Komnenos

尼基弗罗斯·梅利塞诺斯（希臘語：Νικηφόρος Μελισσηνός，约1045年 – 1104年11月17日）是一位出身军事世家的拜占庭帝国将领。11世纪60年代，他在小亚细亚、巴尔干多地担任总督。1071年的曼齐克特战役之后，拜占庭帝国政局动荡，各地叛乱蜂起，他选择忠于皇帝米海尔七世，并因而被夺位成功的尼基弗罗斯三世流放。1080-81年，在塞尔柱突厥人的支援之下，他离开流放地，控制了拜占庭在小亚细亚的残余领土并称帝。1081年，他的小舅子阿莱克修斯一世发动叛乱，推翻了尼基弗鲁斯三世，自己称帝，控制了君士坦丁堡；于是他选择取消帝号，服从阿莱克修斯一世。阿莱克修斯授予他“凯撒”头衔，任命他为塞萨洛尼基总督。此后他保持了忠诚，参与了1081-1095年的巴尔干战事中的许多战役，并于1104年11月17日去世。

生平[编辑]

出身、家庭、早年生涯[编辑]

尼基弗罗斯·梅利塞诺斯于约1045年生于多律莱翁（英语：Dorylaeum）（今土耳其埃斯基谢希尔），他的家族在此地拥有广阔的地产。他的父母都出身军事世家，父亲属布尔采斯（希臘語：Βούρτζης）家族，母亲则出身有名的梅利塞诺斯家族（英语：Melissenos family），其族人8世纪就出现在历史记载中，历来涌现了许多有名的将领[1][2]。

1067年之前的某个时候，尼基弗罗斯与优多基娅·科穆宁娜（希臘語：Εὐδοκία Κομνηνή）结婚。优多基娅出生于约1052年，是曾任“宫内军家内官”的约翰·科穆宁与妻子安娜·达拉塞内（英语：Anna Dalassene）的次女，未来的拜占庭皇帝阿莱克修斯一世（1081-1118年在位）的姐姐。尼基弗罗斯与优多基娅可确定的孩子仅有约翰·科穆宁（英语：John Komnenos (parakoimomenos)）（官至“伴寝者（英语：Parakoimomenos）”）一人[2][3][4]。

1067年时，尼基弗罗斯已拥有“总长（英语：Magister officiorum）（μάγιστρος）”之荣誉官阶，并在特里阿迪扎（希臘語：Τριάδιτζα，今保加利亚索菲亚）的军事总督（δούξ）任上[5][6]。1070年，他跟随统帅帝国野战部队的大舅子曼努埃尔·科穆宁（英语：Manuel Komnenos (kouropalates)）一同与塞尔柱突厥人作战。这一年的战事以塞巴斯泰亚（希臘語：Σεβάστεια，今锡瓦斯）附近的败仗告终，尼基弗罗斯与曼努埃尔都被一位被拜占庭人称为赫里索斯库罗斯（希臘語：χρυσόσκουλος）的塞尔柱首领俘虏，不过随后曼努埃尔说服这位首领投奔拜占庭帝国，尼基弗罗斯和他也因而恢复了自由[6][7]。

1077年10月，安纳托利亚军区将军尼基弗罗斯·博塔内阿特斯（即后来的尼基弗罗斯三世皇帝，1078-1081年在位）起兵叛乱，而尼基弗罗斯·梅利塞诺斯则选择忠于在位的米海尔七世皇帝（1071-1078年在位），为此米海尔七世将博塔内阿特斯的职务授予他以示奖励。然而1078年4月博塔内阿特斯在内战中获胜，进入都城君士坦丁堡，梅利塞诺斯被流放至科斯岛[6][8]。

叛乱[编辑]

1080年秋季，尼基弗罗斯·梅利塞诺斯离开科斯岛，来到小亚细亚。他赢得了当地民众的支持，并招募大批塞尔柱突厥部落民充当雇佣军。小亚细亚西部、中部的城市陆续投降，他在各城中设置了突厥人驻军。尼基弗罗斯三世计划派已经为他镇压了老尼基弗罗斯·布林尼欧斯（英语：Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder）、尼基弗罗斯·巴西拉科斯（英语：Nikephoros Basilakes）两个叛乱者的阿莱克修斯·科穆宁前往平叛，但阿莱克修斯不愿出征。1081年2月，梅利塞诺斯的部队夺取了尼西亚，他在那里宣布称帝。 A loyalist army under the eunuch protovestiarios John, George Palaiologos and Kourtikes was sent against him, but was defeated almost without battle, and withdrew to the capital.[9][10][11][12]

In March 1081, Melissenos was encamped with his army at Damalis, on the Asian shore across the Bosporus from Constantinople. There, he received news of the revolt of the Komnenoi against Botaneiates and the proclamation of Alexios Komnenos as emperor. He sent letters to the Komnenoi, suggesting a division of authority over the imperial territory, with the Balkans remaining under Komnenian control and himself keeping Asia Minor, although he also emphasized that the Byzantine Empire should remain formally united.[9][13] In reply, the Komnenoi offered to recognize him as Caesar – the second highest dignity after the imperial title itself – and to give him the governance of Thessalonica – the Empire's second-most important city – if he would submit to them. Melissenos initially refused to accept this offer, but as the Komnenoi were on the verge of taking Constantinople and might refuse to make similar concessions later, he eventually agreed.[14][15]

At the same time, Nikephoros Botaneiates tried to forestall the capital's fall to the Komnenoi by sending for Melissenos and asking him to enter the city and assume imperial authority. His envoys, however, were obstructed by George Palaiologos and never reached Melissenos.[16] Thus Constantinople fell to the Komnenian forces, and on 8 April 1081, Melissenos too entered the imperial capital. True to his word, Alexios I raised him to Caesar and gave him authority over Thessalonica, as well as allotting the city's revenues to his income. At the same time, however, Alexios raised his brother Isaac Komnenos to the newly created dignity of sebastokrator, which he placed above that of Caesar, bypassing Melissenos.[16][17][18]

This act of submission, unique among the various rebels of the time, may throw some light on Melissenos's motivation for his uprising, according to the historian Jean-Claude Cheynet. Cheynet believes that Melissenos was probably more concerned with safeguarding his Asian estates from the depredations of the Turks rather than claiming the throne, and when Alexios granted him Thessalonica and equivalent estates around it – some of which Melissenos later distributed to his clients, like the Bourtzes family – he readily gave up the contest for the Byzantine throne.[19]

Despite the end of Melissenos's revolt, it left a profound and detrimental legacy for Byzantium: although Melissenos himself submitted to Alexios Komnenos, the towns he had occupied and garrisoned with Turkish soldiers in Ionia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia remained in their hands. Thus, by becoming involved in the Byzantine civil wars as mercenaries and allies – especially through their use by Botaneiates and Melissenos during their respective revolts to hold down various cities for them – the Turks completed their relatively peaceful take-over of central and western Asia Minor.[20][21]

阿莱克修斯一世时期[编辑]

Melissenos continued to serve Alexios I faithfully throughout the rest of his life.[16][22] In autumn 1081, he marched alongside Alexios in his campaign against the Italo-Normans of Robert Guiscard. In the Battle of Dyrrhachium, which ended in a crushing Byzantine defeat, he commanded the Byzantine army's right wing.[16][23][24]

In the 1083 campaign in Thessaly against the Normans, who, under Guiscard's son Bohemond were besieging Larissa, Melissenos was used by Alexios as the centerpiece to a ruse de guerre. The emperor gave him the imperial insignia and a detachment of the army, which Bohemond proceeded to attack in the belief that this was the main Byzantine force, since the emperor was present with it. While the Normans pursued Melissenos's men, Alexios with the main army took and looted the Norman camp, forcing Bohemond to lift the siege and withdraw.[25]

Melissenos fought alongside Alexios in the Battle of Dristra in late August 1087 against the Pechenegs, commanding the Byzantine left wing. The battle ended in a heavy Byzantine defeat, and Melissenos was taken captive along with many other Byzantines, to be ransomed by the emperor after some time.[23][26] In spring 1091, Melissenos was sent to Ainos to recruit soldiers from among the Bulgarians and Vlachs. Occupied with this task, he did not join the imperial army in time for the crushing Byzantine victory over the Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion on 29 April, arriving the next day.[27]

Later in the same year, he participated in the family council of Philippopolis which examined the accusations of conspiracy raised against John Komnenos, the doux of Dyrrhachium by the Archbishop of Ochrid Theophylact. The council degenerated into a heated family quarrel, where John's father, the sebastokrator Isaac, accused Melissenos and Adrian Komnenos of slandering his son, but in the end Alexios dismissed the charges.[28][29]

In the 1095 campaign against the Cumans, Melissenos, along with George Palaiologos and John Taronites were left in charge of defending the region of Berrhoe (modern Stara Zagora) against Cuman attacks. This is the last mention of Melissenos in Anna Komnene's Alexiad, and he apparently retired to his estates around Thessalonica. He died on 17 November 1104.[23][30][31] The date of his wife's death is unknown, but was before 1136.[32]

引用[编辑]

  1. ^ ODB，"Melissenos" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1335.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Nikolia 2003，Chapter 1.
  3. ^ Varzos 1984，第80, 84頁.
  4. ^ Skoulatos 1980，第240, 244頁.
  5. ^ Varzos 1984，第80–81頁.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Nikolia 2003，Chapter 2.
  7. ^ Varzos 1984，第62–63, 81頁.
  8. ^ Skoulatos 1980，第240–241頁.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Skoulatos 1980，第241頁.
  10. ^ Nikolia 2003，Chapter 3.
  11. ^ Angold 1997，第119頁.
  12. ^ Varzos 1984，第81–82頁.
  13. ^ Varzos 1984，第82頁.
  14. ^ Skoulatos 1980，第241–242頁.
  15. ^ Varzos 1984，第82–83頁.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Skoulatos 1980，第242頁.
  17. ^ Angold 1997，第128, 149頁.
  18. ^ Treadgold 1997，第613頁.
  19. ^ Cheynet 1996，第355–356頁.
  20. ^ Angold 1997，第119–120頁.
  21. ^ Vryonis 1971，第103–113頁.
  22. ^ Treadgold 1997，第614頁.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Nikolia 2003，Chapter 4.
  24. ^ Angold 1997，第150頁.
  25. ^ Skoulatos 1980，第242–243頁.
  26. ^ Skoulatos 1980，第243頁.
  27. ^ Skoulatos 1980，第243–244頁.
  28. ^ Skoulatos 1980，第136, 244頁.
  29. ^ Varzos 1984，第83, 136–138頁.
  30. ^ Skoulatos 1980，第244頁.
  31. ^ Varzos 1984，第83–84頁.
  32. ^ Varzos 1984，第84頁.

来源[编辑]

延伸阅读[编辑]

Template:Roman Emperors

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