雨季

雨季，指在降水量有顯著季節差異的地區，年降水量主要發生的月份，通常持續一個或多個月^[1] 。擁有雨季的地區分佈在熱帶和亞熱帶^[2]。

根據柯本氣候分類法，對於熱帶氣候，雨季定義為平均降水量60毫米以上的月份^[3]。不同的氣候類型，雨季也不盡相同。以北半球為例：東亞季風區的雨季主要為夏季；南亞季風區的雨季大約在6月～11月；熱帶莽原氣候的雨季為夏季；地中海型氣候的雨季為冬季。擁有旱季和雨季也是季風雨林的特色，熱帶雨林的降雨量則是在全年平均分佈^[4]。一些有顯著雨季的地區，當熱帶輻合帶或季風槽移動到較高緯度時，雨季的降雨會中斷^[5]。

若雨季在夏季發生，降水主要在下午和傍晚。雨季時，空氣污染改善，淡水水質提高，植被大幅度增長。但同時也會使土壤養分減少，侵蝕增加。特別在熱帶地區，夏季的雨季會使瘧疾發病率增加^[6] 。一些動物在雨季會有適應和生存策略。另外，前一個旱季也通常導致雨季的糧食短缺，因為作物尚未成熟。

受影響的地區[编辑]

撒哈拉以南非洲的熱帶莽原氣候區，包括加納、布基納法索^[7]^[8] 、南蘇丹^[9]、厄立特里亞^[10]、埃塞俄比亞^[11]和博茨瓦納都有一個明顯的雨季^[12] 。佛羅里達州和德克薩斯州南部的熱帶莽原氣候區也有一個雨季^[13]。季風氣候區包括印度次大陸、東南亞（包括印度尼西亞和菲律賓）^[14]、澳大利亞北部^[15]、波利尼西亞^[16]、中美洲^[17]、墨西哥西部和南部^[18]、美國西南部的沙漠^[19]、圭亞那南部^[20]和巴西東北部^[21]等等。

圭亞那北部有兩個雨季：一個在早春，另一個在初冬^[20]。在西非，南部有兩個雨季，但北部只有一個^[22]。在地中海氣候區，包括美國西海岸，意大利、希臘的地中海海岸線^[23]和土耳其的雨季都是在冬季^[24]。同樣，以色列內蓋夫沙漠的雨季是從十月延續至五月^[25] 。在地中海氣候區和季風氣候區之間的邊界，索諾蘭沙漠共同擁有這兩個氣候類型的兩個雨季^[26]。

參見[编辑]

參考資料[编辑]

^ Glossary of Meteorology (2013). Rainy season. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-02-15. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
^ Michael Pidwirny (2008). CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） PhysicalGeography.net. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
^ Updated world Köppen-Geiger climate classification map (PDF). [2017-07-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-03）.
^ Elisabeth M. Benders-Hyde (2003). World Climates. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Blue Planet Biomes. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
^ J. S. 0guntoyinbo and F. 0. Akintola (1983). Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-02-05. IAHS Publication Number 140. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
^ Malaria Fact Sheet. The World Health Organization. April 2016 [2016-04-24]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-03）.
^ Patrick Laux et al. (2008): Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 28 (3), 329–342.
^ Patrick Laux et al. (2009): Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 29 (7), 937–954.,
^ David Vandervort (2009). Darfur: getting ready for the rainy season. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ Mehari Tesfazgi Mebrhatu, M. Tsubo, and Sue Walker (2004). A Statistical Model for Seasonal Rainfall Forecasting over the Highlands of Eritrea. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
^ Alex Wynter (2009). Ethiopia: March rainy season "critical" for southern pastoralists. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ The Voice (2009). Botswana: Rainy Season Fills Up Dams. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） allAfrica.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ Randy Lascody (2008). The Florida Rain Machine. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ OCHA Partnership for Humanity (2008). OCHA Field Situation Report: Indonesia – Rainy Season 1 December 2008. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期18 February 2009^{[日期不符]}. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ Burarra Gathering (2006). Burarra Gathering. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Burarra Gathering. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ Tahiti Sun Travel Network (2007). About Bora Bora Island. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2006). 2.4 Analysis & Forecasting "Thumb Rules" for the Rainy Season. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） United States Navy. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ Remote Sensing for Migratory Creatures (2002). Phenology and Creature Migration: Dry season and wet season in West Mexico. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-02-19. Arizona Remote Sensing Center. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ J. Horel (2006). Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2006-11-13. University of Utah. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
^ ^20.0 ^20.1 Horace Burton (2006). The climate of Guyana. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-01-24. Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology. The Outfield, August 2006, pp. 3. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
^ James Brian Elsner (1988). Analysis of Wet Season Rainfall Over the Nordeste of Brazil, South America. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） University Of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ C. H. Mari, G. Cailley, L. Corre, M. Saunois, J. L. Attie, V. Thouret, and A. Stohl (2007). Biomass burning plumes during the AMMA wet season experiment. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, pp. 17342. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ Greek Embassy London (2008). Welcome to Greece. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Government of Greece. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ D. Bozkurt, O.L. Sen and M. Karaca (2008). Wet season evaluation of RegCM3 performance for Eastern Mediterranean. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） EGU General Assembly. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
^ Ron Kahana; Baruch Ziv; Yehouda Enzel & Uri Dayan. Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 2002, 22: 869. Bibcode:2002IJCli..22..867K. doi:10.1002/joc.766. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-19）.
^ Michael J. Plagens (2009). What and Where is the Sonoran Desert? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Arizonensis. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.

[1] Glossary of Meteorology (2013). Rainy season. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-02-15. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.

[2] Michael Pidwirny (2008). CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） PhysicalGeography.net. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.

[3] Updated world Köppen-Geiger climate classification map (PDF). [2017-07-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-03）.

[Hyde-4] Elisabeth M. Benders-Hyde (2003). World Climates. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Blue Planet Biomes. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.

[JS-5] J. S. 0guntoyinbo and F. 0. Akintola (1983). Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-02-05. IAHS Publication Number 140. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.

[6] Malaria Fact Sheet. The World Health Organization. April 2016 [2016-04-24]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-03）.

[7] Patrick Laux et al. (2008): Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 28 (3), 329–342.

[8] Patrick Laux et al. (2009): Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 29 (7), 937–954.,

[9] David Vandervort (2009). Darfur: getting ready for the rainy season. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[10] Mehari Tesfazgi Mebrhatu, M. Tsubo, and Sue Walker (2004). A Statistical Model for Seasonal Rainfall Forecasting over the Highlands of Eritrea. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.

[11] Alex Wynter (2009). Ethiopia: March rainy season "critical" for southern pastoralists. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[12] The Voice (2009). Botswana: Rainy Season Fills Up Dams. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） allAfrica.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[13] Randy Lascody (2008). The Florida Rain Machine. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[14] OCHA Partnership for Humanity (2008). OCHA Field Situation Report: Indonesia – Rainy Season 1 December 2008. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期18 February 2009^{[日期不符]}. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[15] Burarra Gathering (2006). Burarra Gathering. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Burarra Gathering. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[16] Tahiti Sun Travel Network (2007). About Bora Bora Island. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[17] Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2006). 2.4 Analysis & Forecasting "Thumb Rules" for the Rainy Season. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） United States Navy. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[18] Remote Sensing for Migratory Creatures (2002). Phenology and Creature Migration: Dry season and wet season in West Mexico. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-02-19. Arizona Remote Sensing Center. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[JHorel-19] J. Horel (2006). Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2006-11-13. University of Utah. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.

[GUY-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Horace Burton (2006). The climate of Guyana. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-01-24. Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology. The Outfield, August 2006, pp. 3. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.

[Brazil-21] James Brian Elsner (1988). Analysis of Wet Season Rainfall Over the Nordeste of Brazil, South America. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） University Of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[22] C. H. Mari, G. Cailley, L. Corre, M. Saunois, J. L. Attie, V. Thouret, and A. Stohl (2007). Biomass burning plumes during the AMMA wet season experiment. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, pp. 17342. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[23] Greek Embassy London (2008). Welcome to Greece. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Government of Greece. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[24] D. Bozkurt, O.L. Sen and M. Karaca (2008). Wet season evaluation of RegCM3 performance for Eastern Mediterranean. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） EGU General Assembly. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.

[25] Ron Kahana; Baruch Ziv; Yehouda Enzel & Uri Dayan. Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 2002, 22: 869. Bibcode:2002IJCli..22..867K. doi:10.1002/joc.766. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-19）.

[26] Michael J. Plagens (2009). What and Where is the Sonoran Desert? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Arizonensis. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.

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